Anonymity in the real world is very hard
In late 2011 Hezbollah rolled up a CIA spy ring in Lebanon. This provides an interesting lesson in CIA tradecraft and real world counterintelligence. Close examination of the techniques used to track down the agents will reveal some serious problems with many systems designed to provide security for anti-government groups.
This post is partially in a response to Matt Green’s post about encryption apps. The secrecy provided by encryption applications, primarily privacy of communication content, is not sufficient to protect against even minimal monitoring. Any anti-government activity in a modern environment, e.g. one involving mobile phones and the internet, needs to include anonymity first and foremost.
The Sources
This article provides some of the details about the tradecraft of the spy network, and how it failed. The focus is on how the agents were contacted by their handlers and how this was used to uncover the whole network. Another site provides a large collection of related articles which fills in some additional details.
The Tradecraft (Probably, maybe)
NOTE: This information is based on newspaper articles, so it is of limited accuracy. However, it seems like reasonable tradecraft practices that even amateurs would devise and is thus presented for analysis here.
Dedicated mobile phone The agents had a mobile phone used specifically for communication with their handler. This phone was kept in a static location waiting for contact, and possibly spent a lot of time switched off.
Pre-arranged meeting place The agents had a meeting location (allegedly at a Pizza Hut) where they met their handlers. This location was (allegedly) reused for multiple agents and multiple meetings.
Signalling code word Contact by the handler to the agent was via a code word (allegedly: “PIZZA!”), which was meaningless by itself but also contextually anomalous.
Well, thats one way to do it
The adversary, Hezbollah, used access to the telephone company logs (they have those), and searched for atypical mobile phone usage patterns:
- phones that only receive a few calls / messages over long periods of time
- mobile phones that are never mobile
- weird / unusual messages (PIZZA!!)
That is, they were looking for phones that were kept at home, turned on occasionally, and only received calls/sms infrequently. The exact usage pattern one would expect for a mobile that is used exclusively for a handler to contact an agent.
This data gave Hezbollah a general location (down to the apartment complex) of where the agents were located. Next, the adversary correlated the location data with the home addresses of members who had access to secret information. They conducted surveillance on those members and discovered they were using a Pizza Hut to meet with their handlers.
Speculation Finally, the adversary was able to continually monitor the meeting location and detect other members of the spy network meeting with their handlers. The CIA is known for over using the same locations for meetings [1].
[1] The C.I. Desk
Computer says No
The problems with these tradecraft practises are pretty obvious from a counterintelligence analysis. They are anomalous (atypical mobile phone use) and they are rigidly predictable (reusing the same meeting location).
For encryption applications used by anti-government forces this provides a clear blueprint for action - look normal. Even basic monitoring of traffic will reveal anomalous activity which can be used to identify who needs to be watched more closely.
Conclusion
Hiding anomalous activity is hard, but vitally important. The problem with many security systems based purely on secrecy is that their usage is itself anomalous. It singles out and attracts attention to the users. If the adversary doesn’t know who those users are initially, they can cross correlate real world data with the suspicious activity and narrow their focus to real people. Those people can, and will, end up dead.